十一、服务管理

sudo systemctl start <服务名>          # 启动服务
sudo systemctl stop <服务名>           # 停止服务
sudo systemctl restart <服务名>        # 重启服务
sudo systemctl reload <服务名>         # 重新加载配置（不中断服务）
sudo systemctl status <服务名>         # 查看服务运行状态

sudo systemctl enable <服务名>         # 启用开机自启
sudo systemctl disable <服务名>        # 禁用开机自启
sudo systemctl is-enabled <服务名>     # 检查是否已设置为开机自启

systemctl list-units --type=service           # 列出正在运行的服务
systemctl list-units --type=service --all     # 列出所有服务（含未启动）
systemctl list-unit-files --type=service      # 列出所有服务及启用状态

sudo systemctl start nginx          # 启动 Nginx
sudo systemctl stop redis           # 停止 Redis
sudo systemctl restart mysqld       # 重启 MySQL
sudo systemctl enable nginx         # 设置 Nginx 开机自启
sudo systemctl status mysqld        # 查看 MySQL 运行状态

对于需要将任意程序注册为系统服务的场景，可使用 systemd 的 .service 单元文件。

服务文件路径：

• /etc/systemd/system/ — 用户自定义服务（推荐）


• /usr/lib/systemd/system/ — 系统包管理器安装的服务

[Unit]
Description=My Custom Service
After=network.target
[Service]
Type=simple
User=root
WorkingDirectory=/path/to/app
ExecStart=/usr/bin/python3 /path/to/app/main.py
Restart=on-failure
RestartSec=5
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

假设脚本路径为 /opt/myservice/app.py，内容示例：

#!/usr/bin/env python3
import time
import logging
logging.basicConfig(
level=logging.INFO,
format='%(asctime)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s',
filename='/var/log/myservice.log'
)
def main():
logging.info("MyService started")
while True:
logging.info("Service is running...")
time.sleep(60)
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

sudo vim /etc/systemd/system/MyService.service

写入以下内容：

[Unit]
Description=MyService - Python Background Service
After=network.target
[Service]
Type=simple
User=root
WorkingDirectory=/opt/myservice
ExecStart=/usr/bin/python3 /opt/myservice/app.py
Restart=on-failure
RestartSec=5
StandardOutput=journal
StandardError=journal
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

sudo systemctl daemon-reload              # 重新加载 systemd 配置
sudo systemctl start MyService            # 启动服务
sudo systemctl enable MyService           # 设置开机自启
sudo systemctl status MyService           # 查看服务状态

sudo systemctl start MyService            # 启动
sudo systemctl stop MyService             # 停止
sudo systemctl restart MyService          # 重启
sudo systemctl reload MyService           # 重载配置
sudo systemctl disable MyService          # 取消开机自启
# 查看日志
sudo journalctl -u MyService              # 查看 MyService 所有日志
sudo journalctl -u MyService -f           # 实时跟踪日志
sudo journalctl -u MyService --since "5 min ago"  # 查看最近 5 分钟日志

sudo systemctl stop MyService             # 停止服务
sudo systemctl disable MyService          # 禁用开机自启
sudo rm /etc/systemd/system/MyService.service  # 删除服务文件
sudo systemctl daemon-reload              # 重新加载配置

# CentOS / RHEL
sudo yum install -y epel-release
sudo yum install -y supervisor
# Ubuntu / Debian
sudo apt update
sudo apt install -y supervisor

sudo vim /etc/supervisord.d/MyService.ini

[program:MyService]
command=/usr/bin/python3 /opt/myservice/app.py
directory=/opt/myservice
user=root
autostart=true
autorestart=true
startsecs=5
startretries=3
stdout_logfile=/var/log/myservice_stdout.log
stderr_logfile=/var/log/myservice_stderr.log
environment=PYTHONUNBUFFERED=1

sudo supervisorctl reread                # 读取新配置
sudo supervisorctl update                # 更新配置
sudo supervisorctl start MyService       # 启动
sudo supervisorctl stop MyService        # 停止
sudo supervisorctl restart MyService     # 重启
sudo supervisorctl status                # 查看所有进程状态
sudo supervisorctl tail -f MyService     # 查看实时日志